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    雷電是指正負電荷的云塊接近一定距離時放電的現象

    來源：econte.cn 發布時間：2023/10/6 10:42:32
      雷(lei)電發生時(shi)，我(wo)們盡量(liang)不(bu)要(yao)外出。室(shi)(shi)(shi)內相對(dui)安(an)全，但室(shi)(shi)(shi)內安(an)全措(cuo)施也要(yao)做(zuo)好。當你呆在(zai)室(shi)(shi)(shi)內時(shi)，你應該立即拔(ba)下電源開(kai)關，檢查煤氣開(kai)關，特(te)別是(shi)關閉門(men)窗(chuang)。這(zhe)樣可以隔離(li)雷(lei)電進入室(shi)(shi)(shi)內的方式(shi)，這(zhe)樣會更安(an)全。另外，較好不(bu)要(yao)在(zai)室(shi)(shi)(shi)內看電視。
      雖然門(men)窗(chuang)關著(zhu)，但雷電(dian)發出的電(dian)流(liu)不(bu)容易進入室內，但電(dian)視的電(dian)流(liu)和電(dian)壓都很(hen)強，所以很(hen)容易為(wei)外面的雷電(dian)提供新的棲息地(di)，這樣會很(hen)危險。因(yin)此，防(fang)雷工程(cheng)專門(men)發布了危險通(tong)知，讓大家(jia)注(zhu)意(yi)安(an)全。
      雷(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是指正負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)云塊接近一定距離時(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)現象。雷(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)聲音是放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)聲音；雷(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)的(de)影響是釋放(fang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊中輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡，產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)高壓(ya)(ya)。低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會(hui)導致計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)重(zhong)啟，對(dui)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)影響不大；如(ru)果產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，會(hui)對(dui)所有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)（包括計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)）造成很大的(de)損壞；雷(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線倒體(ti)傳輸到用戶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。此時(shi)，如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)處于使用狀(zhuang)態(tai)，雷(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)將擊穿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備。
      因此，打雷(lei)時，較(jiao)好(hao)呆在室內，關掉手(shou)機，關掉所有(you)的電源開關，更不(bu)(bu)用說看(kan)電視了。事(shi)實上(shang)(shang)，有(you)很多(duo)事(shi)情需要注(zhu)意，也就是說，在室內，遇到(dao)雷(lei)聲，迅速(su)找到(dao)避雷(lei)的地方，但(dan)不(bu)(bu)能去高的地方，如(ru)建筑物、樹(shu)木，這些都不(bu)(bu)能隱藏，更不(bu)(bu)用說暴露(lu)在空地上(shang)(shang)了。
      在(zai)雷雨天氣下(xia)，帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)云形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)高壓電(dian)(dian)場強(qiang)度非常(chang)高。通常(chang)，帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)云對地球放電(dian)(dian)一般是這種(zhong)情況，其云屬于正(zheng)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)區的(de)高電(dian)(dian)位，地球處(chu)于負電(dian)(dian)荷(he)區的(de)低電(dian)(dian)位。空氣起初不(bu)是導電(dian)(dian)的(de)，但在(zai)強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)場力(li)的(de)作用(yong)下(xia)，氣體(ti)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)核外層(ceng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)會受到電(dian)(dian)場力(li)的(de)刺激，產生優雅的(de)跳躍，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)。獲得電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)(bei)稱為(wei)負離子(zi)(zi)(zi)，而失去電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)被(bei)(bei)稱為(wei)正(zheng)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)場力(li)的(de)作用(yong)下(xia)，帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)可以形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)流。
      當空(kong)氣極不穩(wen)定時，容易(yi)發生(sheng)強烈的(de)向(xiang)上對流(liu)運動，形成高聳的(de)雨(yu)云(yun)，云(yun)充滿上下水(shui)蒸氣，會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)靜電(dian)(dian)，云(yun)上端產(chan)生(sheng)正電(dian)(dian)荷(he)，云(yun)下端產(chan)生(sheng)負電(dian)(dian)荷(he)，地面為(wei)負電(dian)(dian)荷(he)，雖然兩(liang)個負電(dian)(dian)荷(he)之間(jian)存在電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差，但兩(liang)個負電(dian)(dian)荷(he)之間(jian)有(you)空(kong)氣作為(wei)絕緣體，不能(neng)發生(sheng)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)現(xian)象。
      如果兩個負(fu)電(dian)荷之間(jian)的電(dian)壓差大到可以突破絕緣(yuan)體的空(kong)氣，使空(kong)氣瞬間(jian)膨脹爆(bao)炸，發(fa)熱發(fa)光，發(fa)光是閃電(dian)，膨脹爆(bao)炸發(fa)出巨大的噪音是雷聲。
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